100 Vegan Environment Sources
by Chase Avior
The Vegan Beyond Burger
creates 90% less greenhouse gas emissions,
uses 99% less water,
93% less land,
and requires 46% less energy
than a beef burger.
- University of Michigan
It takes 25 calories of plants
to make 1 calorie of beef
because the cow has to eat crops
for 18 months to get them
up to slaughter weight.
- Yale University
https://cbey.yale.edu/our-stories/disrupting-meat
Vegan is best diet
for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
70 billion land animals are fed and killed
every year across the world.
That's 10 times the human population.
- United Nations
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/animals-slaughtered-for-meat?country=~OWID_WRL
70% of the deforestation in the Amazon rainforest
is for raising cattle to make beef.
- United Nations
77% of global soy is fed to cows
for meat and dairy production.
- Our World in Data
https://ourworldindata.org/soy
90% of U.S. soybeans
are used as feed for animal agriculture.
- American Soy Association
https://soygrowers.com/key-issues-initiatives/key-issues/other/animal-ag/
It takes 1,800 gallons of water
to make 1 pound of beef
the equivalent of 120 showers.
Compared to only 600 gallons of water
to make 1 pound of beans.
- Stanford University
https://bewell.stanford.edu/plant-based-diet/
https://www.healabel.com/black-beans/
Raising animals takes up 75% of our farmland
because we have to grow tons of crops
to feed all these animals.
A vegan diet is probably the single biggest way
to reduce your impact on planet Earth,
not just greenhouse gasses,
but global acidification, eutrophication,
land use and water use.
Beef required 36 times more land than peas.
- University of Oxford
If everyone in the U.S. ate no meat or cheese
just one day a week,
it would have the same environmental impact
as taking 7.6 million cars off the road.
- Stanford University
https://bewell.stanford.edu/plant-based-diet/
The greenhouse gas emissions
coming from raising cattle
is more than the entire transportation sector
which includes all cars, trucks, trains, planes, and ships.
- United Nations
General Problems of Animal Agriculture
22 Links
Meat and dairy provide just 18% of calories and 37% of protein, but use the vast majority 83% of farmland and produces 60% of agricultures greenhouse gas emissions. - University of Oxford
https://www.leap.ox.ac.uk/article/reducing-foods-environmental-impacts
Moving from current diets to a diet that excludes animal products has transformative potential, reducing foods land use by 3.1 (2.8 to 3.3) billion ha (a 76% reduction), including a 19% reduction in arable land; foods GHG emissions by 6.6 (5.5 to 7.4) billion metric tons of CO2eq (a 49% reduction); acidification by 50% (45 to 54%); eutrophication by 49% (37 to 56%); and scarcity-weighted freshwater withdrawals by 19% (5 to 32%) for a 2010 reference year. For the United States, where per capita meat consumption is three times the global average, dietary change has the potential for a far greater effect on foods different emissions, reducing them by 61 to 73%.
Cow Milk vs Plant Milk
https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1402183111
https://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e00.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7256495/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7184671/
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aam5324
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6518108/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nbu.12453
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24898222/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3382952/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5638464/#__ffn_sectitle
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaq0216
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6855976/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5899434/
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1523119113
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165797
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025957#_i29
https://publichealthreviews.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40985-016-0034-3
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35069916/
Number of Animals Fed and Killed Per Year Worldwide
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/animals-slaughtered-for-meat?country=~OWID_WRL
Animal Burger vs Plant Burger
4 Links
https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2019-10-29-plant-based-foods-are-good-both-health-and-environment
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33151486/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20061-y
Ratio of Plants to Create Meat
7 Links
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/feed-required-to-produce-one-kilogram-of-meat-or-dairy-product
https://cbey.yale.edu/our-stories/disrupting-meat
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034015/meta
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/feed-required-to-produce-one-kilogram-of-meat-or-dairy-product
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034015
https://news.cornell.edu/stories/1997/08/us-could-feed-800-million-people-grain-livestock-eat
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/78/3/660S/4690010
Land Use
10 Links
Animal-based foods accounted for more than three-quarters of global agricultural land use and around two-thirds of agricultures production-related greenhouse gas emissions in 2009, while only contributing 37 percent of total protein consumed by people in that year.
https://www.wri.org/data/animal-based-foods-are-more-resource-intensive-plant-based-foods
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/land-use-kcal-poore
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/land-use-per-kg-poore
https://ourworldindata.org/land-use
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/land-use-protein-poore
https://ourworldindata.org/land-use-diets
https://ourworldindata.org/soy
https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-06-01-new-estimates-environmental-cost-food
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1713820115
Deforestation
5 Links
https://ourworldindata.org/what-are-drivers-deforestation
https://www.fao.org/3/XII/0568-B1.htm
"Analysis of 500 diet scenarios found veganism comes out far ahead consistently in real life scenarios with respect to the goal of preserving the worlds forests. "
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11382
Calculations show that, maintaining the actual rate of population growth and resource consumption, in particular forest consumption, we have a few decades left before an irreversible collapse of our civilisation. [...] Based on the current resource consumption rates and best estimate of technological rate growth our study shows that we have a very low probability, less than 10% in most optimistic estimate, to survive without facing a catastrophic collapse.
Water Use
4 Links
The average water footprint per calorie for beef is twenty times larger than for cereals and starchy roots. When we look at the water requirements for protein, we find that the water footprint per gram of protein for milk, eggs and chicken meat is about 1.5 times larger than for pulses. For beef, the water footprint per gram of protein is 6 times larger than for pulses. [...] The study shows that from a freshwater resource perspective, it is more efficient to obtain calories, protein and fat through crop products than animal products.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10021-011-9517-8
https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/10/909/230205?login=false
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
14 Links
Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years and offset 68 percent of CO2 emissions this century.
https://journals.plos.org/climate/article?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000010
Shifts in global food production to plant-based diets by 2050 could lead to sequestration of 332547 GtCO2, equivalent to 99163% of the CO2 emissions budget consistent with a 66% chance of limiting warming to 1.5 �C.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00603-4
https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-opportunity-costs-food
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1#auth-Adam_D__M_-Briggs
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33688373/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29105912/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-bad-of-a-greenhouse-gas-is-methane/
https://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197623/icode/
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/11/6276
https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1314392110
https://journals.plos.org/climate/article?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000010
Grass-Fed and Free-Range
Methane was 4 times higher for (grass-fed) cattle on pasture receiving low-quality, high-fiber diets than for cattle fed high-grain diets (in feedlots).
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10375217/
A nationwide shift to exclusively grass-fed beef would require increasing the national cattle herd from 77 to 100 million cattle, an increase of 30%.�A switch to purely grass-fed systems would likely result in higher environmental costs, including higher overall methane emissions. Thus, only reductions in beef consumption can guarantee reductions in the environmental impact of US food systems.
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aad401
Only 4% of U.S. beef retail and food service sales is grass-fed beef - with a value of roughly $4 billion.
https://extension.sdstate.edu/grass-fed-beef-market-share-grass-fed-beef
Manure Lagoons
5 Links
https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2013637118
https://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/content/79/5/278.full#sec-2
https://libraryguides.law.pace.edu/c.php?g=452979&p=3107602
https://www.iatp.org/news/pollution-from-giant-livestock-farms-threatens-public-health
Ocean Destruction
6 Links
https://www.nature.org/en-us/newsroom/ca-ocean-plastic/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/faf.12596
https://www.seaspiracy.org/facts
Water/Soil Depletion
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/115004/meta
Species Extinction
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01448-4
Antibiotic Resistance
11 Links
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4406955/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29387833/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29601469/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30152209/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25878509/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27443210/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32023977/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28676125/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-020-0051-0
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10643389.2020.1777815
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25792457/
Biodiversity Loss
https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/02/food-system-impacts-biodiversity-loss
Vegan Food is Less Expensive
"Global study shows vegan and vegetarian diets are the cheapest option. [...] The study, which compared the cost of seven sustainable diets to the current typical diet in 150 countries, found that Vegan diets were the most affordable and reduced food costs by up to one third." - University of Oxford
https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-11-11-sustainable-eating-cheaper-and-healthier-oxford-study
Affordable Vegan Recipes
https://plantbasedonabudget.com/
Total:
109 Links
Got studies I should add?
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200 Vegan Health Sources
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1x_nKQgJS79saZ7XYNxZSephsqz50Ti3RjTauw5aV3fY/edit#
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� 2022
Official link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/14Bpe5u-tvSPv9HSsS1ZbH8aTPw6P1F1vEhlSiJiXpeo
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